Worldwide Country Advice
A / B / C / D / E / F / [ G - L ] [ M - R ] [ S- Z ]
This is an A - Z country by country list of vaccination and other medical requirements or recommendations. If you do not find the country you are looking for, or need further detailed information, contact our Travel Health Hotline on 0906 863 3414 and speak to a trained travel health professional who can expertly answer your questions (note that calls are charged at 60p a minute). before travelling. Nomad Travel Clinics cannot accept responsibility for any ommissions or changes.
ALGERIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
Risk is very low in Algeria. One small focus of benign malaria is present in the isolated desert oasis of Ihrir, in the south east of the country.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
ANTARTICA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
ARCTIC
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
ARGENTINA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites, can be fatal. Recommended if planning to visit Iguazo Falls and jungle areas surrounding them.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the Americas and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
Low risk –Falciparum Vivax. Tablets recommended if spending nights in rural areas surrounding Iguazo Falls (not if staying in resort area itself). Also is staying in rural areas along the borders with Bolivia (lowlands of Jujuy and Salta provinces) and with Paraguay (lowlands of Corrientes and Misiones provinces).
Tablets advised for risk areas
• Chloroquine OR Proguanil
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
ARUBA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements:
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
AUSTRALIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Japanese B Encephalitis - This disease is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Most infections have few symptoms and may not be recognised but severe cases can lead to meningitis, inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. Risks to travellers are very low but vaccination should be considered by people intending to travel to Badu Island in the Torres Strait and if spending long periods in rural areas in Cape York on the Australian mainland.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) in the previous 6 days will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
AUSTRIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Rabies –Very low risk in Austria. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible in all major cities. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals. Avoid contact with all animals and seek urgent medical attention following all animal or bite bites.
• Tick Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Regions most affected are Styria, Carinthia, upper Austria, the south of Vienna and parts of Burgenland, Mattsee, Wallersee and Thalgau, north of Salzburg. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
BAHAMAS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
BELIZE
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
Predominantly Falciparum Vivax. Affects all areas of Belize, although low risk in Belize City.
Tablets advised for risk areas
• Chloroquine OR Proguanil
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
BENIN
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Mandatory for entry into Benin. Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
BIKINI ATOL –(Marshall Islands)
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
BOLIVIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites, can be fatal. Recommended if planning to visit rural and jungle areas in the east of the country (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz and the sub-tropical part of La Paz department).
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the Americas and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
Risk all year in all areas below 2500m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline for Amazon basin
2. Chloroquine OR Proguanil for other low lying regions.
**If visiting both regions then stick to option 1 only. Seek advice from your GP or local travel Clinic.**
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
BONAIRE
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
BOTSWANA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the Americas and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
Malaria
Risk in the northern parts of the country including the regions along the Zimbabwean border, the Zambezi river and all the Game Parks to the north of the Kalahari desert
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
BRAZIL
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites, can be fatal. Recommended if planning to visit inland and northern area. States affected include: Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Matto Grosso do Sul,Para, Rondonia, Roraima nd Tocatins, Gerais,Espirito Santo, Piaui, Bahia, Sao Paulo, Parana (including the Iguazu Falls), Santa Catarina and Rio Grand do Sul. Vaccination not required for coast region south of Fortaleza.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the Americas and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
High risk for Amazon states. Low risk if visiting Iguazo Falls, however tablets recommended if spending time in jungle/rural areas surrounding Falls.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline for Amazon States
2. Chloroquine OR Proguanil for Iguazo region
**If visiting both regions then stick to option 1 only. Seek advice from your GP or local travel Clinic.**
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
BULGARIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Tick Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
BURKINA FASO
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Mandatory for entry into Burkina Faso. Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Rabies –Very low risk in Canada. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible in all major cities. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals. Avoid contact with all animals and seek urgent medical attention following all animal or bite bites.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
CAPE VERDE ISLANDS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
Low risk. Minimal risk in Sao Tiago Island and other islands –no tablets advised.
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
CAYMAN ISLANDS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Mandatory for entry into Central African Republic. Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
CHAD
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
CHILE
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) and on to Easter Island will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
CHINA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the Americas and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps. • Japanese B Encephalitis - Spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It is most common in rural farming areas of Asia. Most infections have few symptoms and may not be recognised but severe cases can lead to meningitis, inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. Risks to travellers are generally very low but vaccination should be considered by people intending to spend a significant length of time in rural areas, particularly during the transmission season (monsoon –May-October) in Henan, Yangtse and Yellow River basins.
• Tick Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Risk areas include Hunchun, Jilin province and western Yunnan. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
Malaria
Risk in the south-west of China. Tablets advised for Hainan island, Tunnan province and Guangxi province. Low risk in flood plains of Yangtze and yellow rivers –tablets not advised, ensure bite avoidance.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
CONGO
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Mandatory for entry into Congo. Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
COSTA RICA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
Predominantly Falciparum Vivax. Affects areas of low altitude.
Tablets advised for risk areas
• Chloroquine OR Proguanil
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
CURACAO
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common where hygiene is poor.
• Tick Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
• Rabies –Very low risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible in all major cities. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals. Avoid contact with all animals and seek urgent medical attention following all animal or bite bites.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Mandatory for entry into Democratic Republic of Congo. Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
DENMARK
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Tick Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks ON Bornholm island only. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
• Rabies –Very low risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible in all major cities. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals. Avoid contact with all animals and seek urgent medical attention following all animal or bite bites.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
DJIBOUTI
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods away and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
DOMINICA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure
DUBAI
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common where hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Not normally present, however if bitten by any mammals near border regions all bites/scratches should be assessed.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
ECUADOR
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites, can be fatal. Recommended if planning to visit rural and jungle areas.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the Americas and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
A risk in areas below 1500m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
EGYPT
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
Small risk in El Faiyum area –no tablets advised.
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
ETHIOPIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections and must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –October to May.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
FALKLAND ISLANDS
Nothing required.
FIJI
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
Malaria
No Malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) in the previous 10 days will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
FINLAND
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Tick Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
• Rabies –Very low risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal) via a bite, scratch or lick on open wound. Treatment is possible in all major cities. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals. Avoid contact with all animals and seek urgent medical attention following all animal or bite bites.
Malaria
Tablets not required –no malaria
FRANCE
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Tick Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
Malaria
Tablets not required –no malaria
FRENCH POLYNESIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Small risk if staying in good hotels in major cities for short periods. Consider vaccination if planning to visit more remote areas or areas where sanitation may be poor, especially for long periods.
• Tuberculosis –TB is mainly spread through respiratory droplet infection but also through unpasteurised milk. Travellers spending long periods in the country and who are mixing closely with the local population should consider vaccination prior to travel if not already covered.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if staying for long periods or living in poor conditions.
Malaria
• Tablets not required –no malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.