Worldwide Country Advice S - Z
[ A - F ] [ G - L ] [ M - R ] S / T / U / V / W / X / Y / Z
This is an A - Z country by country list of vaccination and other medical requirements or recommendations. If you do not find the country you are looking for, or need further detailed information, contact our Travel Health Hotline on 0906 863 3414 and speak to a trained travel health professional who can expertly answer your questions (note that calls are charged at 60p a minute). It is always recommended that you consult with your GP or specialist travel clinic before travelling. Nomad Travel Clinics cannot accept responsibility for any ommissions or changes.
SABAH - MALAYSIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Rabies –Very rare. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Japanese B Encephalitis - Spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It is most common in rural farming areas of Asia. Most infections have few symptoms and may not be recognised but severe cases can lead to meningitis, inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. Risks to travellers are generally very low but vaccination should be considered by people intending to spend a significant length of time in rural areas, particularly during and following the monsoon season.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live/ work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
Urban and coastal areas malaria free, inland areas high risk.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1.Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure
SAO TOME
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites. Risk highest in rural and jungle areas. Vaccination mandatory.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. More than 10% of local population are carriers
• Rabies – Low Risk. Not normally present but always get any bites assessed. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live/ work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is mandatory.
SEYCHELLES
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live/ work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever in the previous 6 days, (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure
SIERRA LEONE
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Mandatory for entry into Sierra Leone. Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live/ work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Yellow Fever certificate is mandatory.
SINGAPORE
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Less common package tourists
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Japanese B Encephalitis - Spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It is most common in rural farming areas of Asia. Most infections have few symptoms and may not be recognised but severe cases can lead to meningitis, inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. Risks to travellers are generally very low but vaccination should be considered by people intending to spend a significant length of time in rural areas, particularly during and following the monsoon season
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever in the previous 6 days, (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure
SLOVAKIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 2-7% of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (medium risk).
• Tick-Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
• Rabies – High Risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
Malaria
No Malaria
SLOVENIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
2-7% of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (medium risk).
• Tick-Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
• Rabies – High Risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
Malaria
No Malaria
SOLOMON ISLANDS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
Risk throughout whole country except a few outlying eastern and southern islets.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1.Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure
SOUTH AFRICA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Rabies – High Risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
Tablets advised for northern and eastern Mpumalanga, Northern Province and north-eastern Kwa-Zulu Natal (including Zululand) Krugar national park.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Travellers transiting/arriving from Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, Tanzania and Zambia to South Africa will be asked for a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate. This is regardless of the length of time spent at the airport.
SPAIN
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised
Ensure you have had all the vaccinations recommended for life in britain.
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor. Not advised for short holidays.
• Hepatitis B – Spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 2-7% of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (medium risk).
Malaria
No malaria
SRI LANKA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies – High Risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Japanese B Encephalitis - Spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It is most common in rural farming areas of Asia. Most infections have few symptoms and may not be recognised but severe cases can lead to meningitis, inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. Risks to travellers are generally very low but vaccination should be considered by people intending to spend a significant length of time in rural areas, particularly during and following the monsoon season from April to June and October to November.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
Risk throughout country but minimal. Tablets required if visiting very north of country.
Tablets advised for risk areas
• Chloroquine plus Proguanil
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
ST. EUSTATIUS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
ST. KITTS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 2-7% of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (medium risk).
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
ST. MARTAAN
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
SUDAN
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Rabies – High Risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season – December to June.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
SWEDEN
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Tick-Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
• Hepatitis B – Low Risk. Spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required
Malaria
Tablets not required –no malaria
SWITZERLAND
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
Ensure you have had all the vaccinations recommended for life in britain.
• Tick-Borne Encephalitis - spread by bites of infected ticks. Vaccination advised for persons likely to be exposed to lots of tick bites e.g. if camping, walking, staying in rural forested areas for long periods. Higher risk during the warmer spring/summer/autumn months when ticks are active. Travellers should also avoid bites by covering up with long clothing treated with premethrin and wearing DEET on exposed skin. All ticks should be removed immediately with tweezers –ensuring head and body removed.
• Hepatitis B – Low Risk. Spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required
Malaria
Tablets not required –no malaria
TANZANIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
• Yellow Fever: Low risk and vaccination is generally not advised, however it might be considered for some high risk travellers. See your nearest Yellow Fever vaccination centre for advice.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 1800m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
THAILAND
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Japanese B Encephalitis - Spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It is most common in rural farming areas of Asia. Most infections have few symptoms and may not be recognised but severe cases can lead to meningitis, inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. Risks to travellers are generally very low but vaccination should be considered by people intending to spend a significant length of time in rural areas, particularly during and following the monsoon season.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
Small risk throughout country. Tablets advised if visiting northern border regions.
Tablets advised for risk areas
• Doxycycline OR Malarone
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
TOGO
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever – Mandatory for entry into Togo. Spread via mosquito bites.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
8% or more of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (high risk).
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season – December to June.
• Measles - Spread via respiratory droplet infection. Persons at risk include those not previously vaccinated or no history of previous infection and planning to live / work closely with the local population. Always check for outbreaks of infection before you travel.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country in areas below 2000m.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
A Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is mandatory.
TONGA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required. 2-7% of the local population are thought to be carriers of the virus (medium risk).
• Rabies – Low Risk. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
No requirements.
TRINIDAD / TOBAGO
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites. Mosquitoes which have bitten infected monkeys are a risk to humans, it is especially recommended that those visting rural areas or game parks should be immunised.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
TURKEY
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Small risk if only visiting tourist areas.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
Malaria
Tablets advised if visiting eastern regions near Iraqi border and between march and November in south eastern part of country.
Tablets advised for risk areas
• Chloroquine OR Proguanil
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Small risk if only visiting tourist areas.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
UGANDA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites. More common in rural and jungle areas.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
URUGUAY
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Very low risk although high risk in border regions with Brazil and Argentina. Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
U.S.A
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Rabies –Always seek medical assistance following any scratches or bites from mammals – rabies virus present.
VANUATU
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
VENEZUALA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Yellow Fever –Spread via mosquito bites. More common in rural and jungle areas. High risk of Yellow Fever in the interior of the country. Very low risk in certain northern, coastal areas and vaccination is generally not advised, however it might be considered for some high risk travellers. See your nearest Yellow Fever vaccination centre for advice. Vaccination is not advised for Margarita Island and the city of Caracas.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
Malaria
Tablets advised if visiting inland rain forested areas.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
VIETNAM
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Japanese B Encephalitis - Spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It is most common in rural farming areas of Asia. Most infections have few symptoms and may not be recognised but severe cases can lead to meningitis, inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. Risks to travellers are generally very low but vaccination should be considered by people intending to spend a significant length of time in rural areas, particularly during and following the monsoon season.
Malaria
High risk throughout whole country except smaller risk in large cities, red river delta and the central coastal plains.
Tablets advised for high risk areas
• Doxycycline OR Malarone OR Meflquine
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure
WESTERN SAHARA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
Malaria
Small risk in May to October in eastern parts of the country in rural areas west of Atlas mountains. Tablets not advised.
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
WESTERN SAMOA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
Requirements
Persons travelling from or via a country infected with Yellow Fever (present in parts of Central and South America and Africa only) will be asked on immigration to show a yellow fever certificate. Please discuss with your local travel clinic or GP if unsure.
YAP - MICRONESIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water). Common when hygiene is poor.
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
Malaria
No malaria
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
ZAMBIA
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
• Meningitis ACWY - Sub-Saharan Africa has frequent epidemics of meningitis particularly in the zone stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia during the dry season. Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain. Transmission occurs from direct person to person contact and through inhaling infected droplets. Recommended for extended trips or if mixing very closely with the local population during risk season –May to October.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.
ZIMBABWE
Below is a list of vaccinations and malaria tablet recommendations for the country you will be visiting. Always discuss with your local travel clinic or GP prior to your trip as recommendations may change according to your type of trip and length of stay.
Vaccinations advised (even if visiting for short period)
• Hepatitis A –spread via faecal oral route (food and water).
• Tetanus –spread through soil contaminated wounds. Vaccine required every 10 years if travelling as treatment post injury may not be available.
• Typhoid –spread via faecal/oral route. Risk is greater if access to safe food and water is limited and hygiene is poor.
• Polio - Spread through faecally contaminated food and water. Boosters are recommended at 10 yearly intervals if travelling to an endemic country.
• Diphtheria - disease spread mainly by exhaled water droplets and occasionally through infected skin lesions. It can be fatal if left untreated. Travellers are at risk when mixing closely with the local population. Higher risk for persons visiting family or working in healthcare or with children or if planning to travel for long periods.
Vaccinations sometimes advised (dependant on type of trip)
• Hepatitis B –spread through blood and body fluids. 100 times more infectious than HIV. Increased risk for persons planning to work in healthcare or with children (prone to cuts / scratches. Also increased risk for those undertaking sports, high risk activities or planning to travel for long periods in affected areas. Medical facilities may pose risk if treatment required.
• Rabies –Spread through the saliva of infected mammals (which may appear normal and well), via bite, scratch or lick on an open wound. Rabies is always fatal without treatment. Treatment is possible and involves a blood product (often in short supply) and 5 injections of vaccine that must be commenced within 24 hours of exposure if you have not received the vaccine prior to travel. If you are vaccinated fully prior to travel then just 2 vaccines are required post exposure as soon as you are able to get them. Recommended for persons planning to work with animals and travellers planning to visit remote areas especially for long periods. Avoid contact with all animals.
• Tuberculosis –TB is usually spread through respiratory droplet infection but also rarely through unpasteurized milk. BCG vaccination is advised for travellers under age 16 years, planning to live / work in destination for more than 3 months. Those occupational risk e.g. Healthcare workers under age 35 years should also consider vaccination; as should persons visiting family and friends and long stay travellers.
• Cholera –Spread via contaminated food and water in areas where there are lots of people with very poor hygiene facilities (particularly slums and refugee camps), and areas affected by floods, rainy seasons and natural disasters. Most travellers should experience minimal risk of exposure to cholera but the risk is far greater for emergency relief and health workers in refugee camps.
Malaria
High risk throughout the whole country below 1200m –November to June and all year in Zambezi valley.
Tablets advised for risk areas
1. Malarone OR Mefloquine OR Doxycycline
Ensure good bite avoidance especially between sunset and sunrise, including covering up with long sleeves/trousers applying DEET to all exposed skin, premethrin to clothing and sleeping under a mosquito net or staying in an air conditioned room.